Creating an MLA Bibliography

These are the formatting rules you need to follow to create your bibliography according to MLA’s current edition guidelines.

• Your MLA bibliography should begin on a separate page at the end of your essay.
• Include the same header (including your last name and the page number) in the top right corner on your bibliography page as the rest of your essay.
  • Your essay should have a header on every page that includes your last name and the page number
  • The last name/page number header should be on the top right of each page with a ½ inch margin from the top of the page
• One-inch margins.
• Title the page Works Cited (no italicization or quotation marks) unless otherwise instructed. Center the title. The top of your bibliography should look like this:

• Only center the Works Cited title; all citations should be left-justified.
• Double-space citations.
• Do not add an additional space between citations.
• After the first line, use a hanging indent of a ½ inch on all lines of a citation. The hanging indent should look like this:

• List citations alphabetically by the first word of the citation.
  • Typically, this is the author’s last name, but sometimes it could be the title of the source if the author’s name is not available.

Author names

After the title Works Cited, the last name of the author of a source should be the first thing to appear on your page.

List the author’s last name followed by a comma, then the first name followed by the middle name or middle initial if applicable, without a comma separating the first and middle names.

Examples:

Rowling, J.K.

Smith, Alexander McCall

• Do not include titles such as Dr., Mrs., etc. or professional qualifications such as Ph.D., M.S., etc. with author names
• Include suffixes such as Jr. or III at the end of the author’s name following a comma in the citation. Eg: to cite an author named John Smith Jr., you would type Smith, John, Jr.

Sources with two authors

For a source with two authors, list the author names in your citation in the order they appear on the source, not alphabetically.

Type the last name of the first author listed on the source followed by a comma, then the first author’s first name followed by a comma. Then type the word “and” then list the second author’s last name followed by a comma, then the second author’s first name.

Include middle names or initials and suffixes when applicable according to the guidelines for one author as listed above

Structure:

1st Author’s Last Name, First Name, and 2nd Author’s Last Name, First Name.

Examples:

Lutz, Lisa, and Hayward, David

Clark, Mary Higgins, and Burke, Alafair

Sources with three or more authors

For a source with three or more authors, only type the last and first name of the first author listed in the source, followed by a comma and the phrase et al., which is Latin for “and others.” Be sure to always place a period after the al in et al. but never after the et.

Structure:

1st Author’s Last Name, First Name, et al.

Examples:

Charaipotra, Sona, et al.

Williams, Beatriz, et al. All the Ways We Said Goodbye. HarperLuxe, 2020.

Organizations and corporations as authors

For sources with organizations or corporations as the author where no author name is listed, type the name of the corporation in place of an author’s name.

Example:

The Modern Language Association of America. MLA Handbook. 2016.

No author

For a source with no author listed, simply omit the author’s name and begin the citation with the italicized title of the source. Use the first letter of the title when considering alphabetical order in your MLA bibliography.

Capitalization

Use MLA title case when citing titles of sources.

• Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and subordinating conjunctions should be capitalized.
• Articles, prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions should not be capitalized.

Font formatting

• Italicize the titles of larger works such as magazines and books. Also, Italicize database names.
• Instead of italicization, use quotation marks around titles of shorter works such as poems, short stories, and articles.
• End all bibliography citations with a period.

Page numbers

Include page numbers in your full citations whenever possible. This helps the reader find the information you cited more quickly than if you just cited the entire source, and lends more credibility to your argument. If you cite different pages from the same source within your paper, you only need to cite the entire source on your MLA bibliography instead of listing all of the page numbers you used.

When including page numbers in a citation, use the abbreviation p. to cite one page and the abbreviation pp. to cite multiple pages with a hyphen between the page numbers.

Example:

p. 25 or pp. 16-37

When citing page numbers in MLA, omit the first set of repeated digits.

Example:

pp. 365-69, not pp. 365-369

DOIs and URLs

A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is used to locate and identify an online source. While URLs may change or web pages might be edited or updated, a DOI is permanent and therefore more useful in a source citation.

• Use a DOI (digital object identifier) whenever possible, otherwise use a URL.
• Do not include “https://” in your DOIs.
• As either one will be the last part of your citation, place a period after the DOI (note that this period is not part of the DOI or URL).

Example:

Butarbutar, R, et al. “Analyzing of Puzzle Local Culture-Based in Teaching English for Young Learners.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 343, 2019, p. 012208., doi:10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012208.

Accessed dates

Since the 8th edition of the MLA Handbook was published, you do NOT need to list an accessed date for a stable source (e.g., online newspaper article, journal article, photograph, etc.). However, including an access date is good to include when a source does not have a publishing date, and some instructors will request that accessed dates be included for all sources.

If you do include an access date, here’s how to format it:

• Place it at the end of the citation without “http://” or “https://”.
• Write “Accessed” first, followed by the date accessed.
• The date accessed should be formatted as Day Month (abbreviated) Year.

Example:

Butarbutar, R, et al. “IOPscience.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 1 Oct. 2019, iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012208/meta. Accessed 8 Oct. 2020.

Note: If you choose to list an accessed date after a DOI, the accessed date part of the citation will follow the period after the DOI and will end with a period as the end of the citation

Example:

Butarbutar, R, et al. “Analyzing of Puzzle Local Culture-Based in Teaching English for Young Learners.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 343, 2019, p. 012208., doi:10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012208. Accessed 8 Oct. 2020.